June 10, 2020 [The Greek Anaphoric Article Applied to the Exegesis of 2 Peter 1:1 and Related Texts - A Fresh Grammatical and Contextual Analysis]

Anaphora (Greek, ‘to bring back, to bring up’) is a word or phrase which depends upon another for identification. For example, “Pronouns are anaphors.” When one says, “They refer back to a noun,” the word “they” is a pronoun that is anaphoric and the word “Pronouns” is its antecedent. Pronouns are very useful in exegesis. In ancient Greek, they developed before definite articles. Eventually articles were derived from them. That is why the Greek definite article still retains its use as an anaphoric pronoun, in fact, Thomas Franshaw Middleton in his “Doctrine of the Greek Article,” says that the definite article ὁ and pronoun ὁ are identical in function. While modern grammars document the anaphoric use of the Greek article, it is not commonly used in exegesis in the same way as the pronoun. This study will apply what is taught about the article in order to help interpret passages which are ambiguous and hotly debated in Christological controversies. A survey of both ancient and modern treatments on the Greek anaphoric article leads into an analysis from Daniel Wallace’s Exegetical Grammar on anaphora. An application is made for 2 Peter 1:1, a text that is interpreted by some to refer to two persons (e.g. The American Standard Version, ASV), while others see Jesus identified there as God. (E.g. the New International Version, NIV) The result of applying what scholars like Wallace and Middleton say about the anaphoric definite article is shockingly different than their own conclusions and contrary to what they teach on the subject. An analysis of “Sharp’s Rule” demonstrates how to harmonize that grammatical principle with the anaphoric definite article. Next, quotes from Blass-Debrunner-Funk Greek grammar (BDF) are provided in the section “2 Peter 1:1, not TSKS according to BDF Greek grammar” which give grammatical reasons that 2 Peter 1:1, Titus 2:13 and 2 Thessalonians 1:12 are not TSKS constructions, and so Sharp’s rule does not apply to them. As far as I know, these glosses from BDF have never been quoted in any of the standard treatments of Sharp’s rule. A new “rule” of Greek grammar is proposed which describes the use of the anaphoric article in 2 Peter 1:1 and related texts. An analysis of the anaphoric Greek article is applied also to Titus 2:13, 1 John 5:20, Hebrews 1:8, Romans 9:5 and 2 Thessalonians 1:12. In each of these passages, the anaphoric article identifies the Father as God. An analysis of a broad range of texts in the Greek New Testament “hardens” the rule by providing examples which don’t conform to the description of the anaphoric article. There are currently no exceptions in the Greek scriptures to the rule on the anaphoric article. Finally, a “roadmap” for falsifying the conclusions of this paper is presented which also provides a good summary of all of the categories of the definite article from Wallace’s “Greek Grammar Beyond the Basics.”